Testosterone is a steroid hormone which helps build and maintain muscles with physical activity, such as exercise. The lack of estrogen in males generally results in more fat being deposited around the waist and abdomen (producing an "apple shape"). Males have less subcutaneous fat in their faces due to the effects of testosterone testosterone also reduces fat by aiding fast metabolism. īody fat percentage recommendations are higher for females, as this fat may serve as an energy reserve for pregnancy. When women reach menopause and the estrogen produced by ovaries declines, fat migrates from their buttocks, hips and thighs to their waists later fat is stored at the abdomen. Body fat distribution may change from time to time, depending on food habits, activity levels and hormone levels. The hormones produced by the thyroid gland regulate the rate of metabolism, controlling how quickly the body uses energy, and controls how sensitive the body should be to other hormones. They also affect body fat distribution, causing fat to be stored in the buttocks, thighs, and hips in women, but generally not around their waists, which will remain about the same size as they were before puberty. Įstrogens cause higher levels of fat to be stored in a female body than in a male body. See also: Gynoid fat distribution Estrogen causes fat to be stored on a young woman's buttocks, hips and thighs, but not her waist.Įstrogens can also affect the female body shape in a number of other ways, including increasing fat stores, accelerating metabolism, reducing muscle mass, and increasing bone formation. īreasts can decrease in size at menopause if estrogen levels decline. Breasts generally revert to approximately their previous size after pregnancy, although there may be some increased sagging. These changes may continue during breastfeeding. The size of the nipples may increase noticeably. A number of other changes typically occur during pregnancy, including enlargement and increased firmness of the breasts, mainly due to hypertrophy of the mammary gland in response to the hormone prolactin. Įstrogen levels also rise significantly during pregnancy. Working against estrogen, the presence of testosterone in a pubescent female inhibits breast development and promotes muscle and facial hair development. As a result of estrogens, during puberty, girls develop breasts and their hips widen. Besides other functions, estrogens promote the development of female secondary sexual characteristics, such as breasts and hips. They are produced in both men and women, but their levels are significantly higher in women, especially in those of reproductive age. Physiology Impact of estrogens Įstrogens, which are primary female sex hormones, have a significant impact on a female's body shape. Cultural ideals, however, have developed and continue to exert influence over how a woman relates to her own body, as well as how others in her society may perceive and treat her. Reflecting the wide range of individual beliefs on what is best for physical health and what is preferred aesthetically, as well as disagreements on the social standing and purported "purpose" of women in society, there is no universally acknowledged ideal female body shape. The bust, waist, and hips are called inflection points, and the ratios of their circumferences are used to define basic body shapes.
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